Psychiatrics and IMAN appear to blend rather well, particularly when the IMAN is admitted to a hospital and considered possible mentally ill as well as physically ill. IMAN adequately reflects the progress and research of medicine during its time period, beginning in 1930.
Psychiatry as a legitimate source of help for the mentally ill was first introduced in a book, The Human Mind, by Menninger Clinic psychiatrist Karl Menninger. The following year, there were fifteen minute radio talk shows, Psychology Today, and the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis was established in 1932. In 1936, dilantin (diphenylhydantoin) came on the market as the first successful anti-convulsive treatment for epilepsy since pheno barbital. Also, insulin doses were given to schizophrenic patients to create hypoglycemic shock. The first meeting of the American Association of Applied Psychologists was in 1937, followed by sodium diphenyl hydantoinate being used to treat epilepsy in 1938. Included in this decade is also the new use of x-ray machines and the fact that, besides general hospitals, nervous and mental issues dominated the majority of hospitals.
Progress for mental illness in the 1940's did not increase after insulin shock treatment enabled 55% of people diagnosed with dementia praecox to become useful members of society; however, in January 1947, lobotomies, or psychosurgery, which separated the emotional and action centers of the brain led to further research and discussion.
Blacks were allowed admission to the American Medical Association (AMA) after the Medical Society of State of New York adopted a resolution urging elimination of racial discrimination in admission in 1948. Later that month, the American Psychiatry Association meeting reported that the use of dilantin and mesantoin could prevent epileptic seizures. In 1949, the National Institute of Mental Health first established lithium to treat psychiatric disease; then Dramamine was also used.
Of the sixty-eight approved medical schools, not one was open to black students until the 1940's; Howard and Meharry became the first two medical schools to admit blacks. In an effort to ban blacks from entering the medical field, the AMA would get local accreditors to choose internship training because blacks were not allowed in local societies. In 1947, the AMA finally dropped its ban on African Americans because of how they assisted and contributed to the country in World War II.
Shock therapy is used to treat severe mental disorders by inducing comas or convulsions. Therapeutic benefit was greatest with schizophrenics. Originally, the electric shock therapy technique was developed by Ugo Cerletti of Italy who proved that electric shock therapy is less dangerous, less expensive, and has greater control than any other type of treatment. It is for these reasons that it became the primary medical treatment for the mental ill. This process literally shocked the patients into sanity. Doctors of the decade stated that "[electric shock therapy] does not destroy memory, it merely disorganizes it."
The 1950's continued the progress with the full body x-ray and the AMA resolution to request segregated state and local medical associations to admit black members.
IMAN goes through shock therapy but does not need any treatment after he leaves the hospital because he is not in need of psychiatric help. The separation of blacks and whites in IMAN reflects how the African Americans were struggling to earn their place in the medical field. Even if they were accepted to one of the twenty-six approved medical school, it was doubtful that they would be able to earn a job in an accredited hospital. Conditions begin to improve in the 1950s with the beginnings of the civil rights movement. This change can be seen at the end of Invisible Man.
by Jessica Bicks