FCPS Program of Studies

Science Curriculum

IB Physics

The Diploma Programme physics course includes the essential principles of the subject but also, through selection of options, allows teachers some flexibility to tailor the course to meet the needs of their students. The course is available at both standard level (SL) and higher level (HL), and therefore accommodates students who wish to study science in higher education and those who do not.

Last Updated: 06/15/10 09:53 AM

SCI.IBPH

Standard 1

PHYSICS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT

Benchmark 1.1

The Realm of Physics

	Indicator 1.1.1
	State and compare quantities to the nearest order of magnitude

	Indicator 1.1.2
	State ranges of distances, masses and times that occur in the universe

	Indicator 1.1.3
	State ratios of quantities as differences of orders of magnitude

	Indicator 1.1.4
	Estimate approximate values of everyday quantities

Benchmark 1.2

Measurement and Uncertainties

	Indicator 1.2.1
	State the fundamental Units of the SI system

	Indicator 1.2.2
	Distinguish between fundamental and derived units and give examples

	Indicator 1.2.3
	Convert between different units of quantities

	Indicator 1.2.4
	State units in the accepted SI format

	Indicator 1.2.5
	State values in scientific notation and use appropriate prefixes

	Indicator 1.2.6
	Describe and give examples of random and systematic errors

	Indicator 1.2.7
	Distinguish between precision and accuracy

	Indicator 1.2.8
	Explain how the effects of random errors may be reduced

	Indicator 1.2.9
	Calculate quantities to the appropriate number of significant figures

	Indicator 1.2.10
	State uncertainties as absolute, fractional, and percentages

	Indicator 1.2.11
	Determine the uncertainties in results

	Indicator 1.2.12
	Identify uncertainties as error bars in graphs

	Indicator 1.2.13
	State random uncertainty as a range and graphically as an error bar

	Indicator 1.2.14
	Determine the uncertainties of a straight line graph

Benchmark 1.3

Vectors and Scalars

	Indicator 1.3.1
	Distinguish between vector & scalar quantities; give examples of each

	Indicator 1.3.2
	Determine the sum or difference of two vectors by a graphical method

	Indicator 1.3.3
	Resolve vectors into perpendicular components along chosen axes

SCI.IBPH

Standard 2

MECHANICS

Benchmark 2.1

Kinematics

	Indicator 2.1.1
	Define displacement, velocity, speed and acceleration

	Indicator 2.1.2
	Explain the difference between instantaneous and average values

	Indicator 2.1.3
	Outline the conditions in which uniformly accelerated motion may apply

	Indicator 2.1.4
	Identify the acceleration of a body falling in a vacuum near the Earth

	Indicator 2.1.5
	Solve problems involving the equations of uniformly accelerated motion

	Indicator 2.1.6
	Describe the effects of air resistance on falling objects.

	Indicator 2.1.7
	Draw distance-, displacement-, velocity- & acceleration-time graphs

	Indicator 2.1.8
	Calculate and interpret the gradients of displacement-time graphs

	Indicator 2.1.9
	Determine relative velocity in one and in two dimensions

Benchmark 2.2

Forces and Dynamics

	Indicator 2.2.1
	Calculate the weight of a body using the expression W = mg

	Indicator 2.2.2
	Identify the forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagrams

	Indicator 2.2.3
	Determine the resultant force in different situations

	Indicator 2.2.4
	State Newton’s first law of motion

	Indicator 2.2.5
	Describe examples of Newton’s first law

	Indicator 2.2.6
	State the condition for translational equilibrium

	Indicator 2.2.7
	Solve problems involving translational equilibrium

	Indicator 2.2.8
	State Newton’s second law of motion

	Indicator 2.2.9
	Solve problems involving Newton’s second law

	Indicator 2.2.10
	Define linear momentum and impulse

	Indicator 2.2.11
	Determine impulse of time-varying force by studying force-time graph

	Indicator 2.2.12
	State the law of conservation of linear momentum

	Indicator 2.2.13
	Solve problems involving momentum and impulse

	Indicator 2.2.14
	State Newton's third law of motion

	Indicator 2.2.15
	Discuss examples of Newton’s third law

Benchmark 2.3

Work, Energy and Power

	Indicator 2.3.1
	Outline what is meant by work

	Indicator 2.3.2
	Determine the work done by interpreting a force-displacement graph

	Indicator 2.3.3
	Solve problems involving the work done by a force

	Indicator 2.3.4
	Outline what is meant by kinetic energy

	Indicator 2.3.5
	Outline what is meant by change in gravitational potential energy

	Indicator 2.3.6
	State the principle of conservation of energy

	Indicator 2.3.7
	List different forms of energy; describe examples of transformation

	Indicator 2.3.8
	Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions

	Indicator 2.3.9
	Define power

	Indicator 2.3.10
	Define and apply the concept of efficiency

	Indicator 2.3.11
	Solve problems involving momentum, work, energy and power

Benchmark 2.4

Uniform Circular Motion

	Indicator 2.4.1
	Draw a vector diagram to illustrate the direction of the acceleration

	Indicator 2.4.2
	Apply the expression for centripetal acceleration

	Indicator 2.4.3
	Identify the force producing circular motion in various situations

	Indicator 2.4.4
	Solve problems involving circular motion

SCI.IBPH

Standard 3

THERMAL PHYSICS

Benchmark 3.1

Thermal Concepts

	Indicator 3.1.1
	State how temperature determines the direction of energy transfer

	Indicator 3.1.2
	State the relation between the Kelvin & Celsius scales of temperature

	Indicator 3.1.3
	State the internal energy of a substance

	Indicator 3.1.4
	Explain & distinguish between temperature, internal energy and heat

	Indicator 3.1.5
	Define the mole and molar mass

	Indicator 3.1.6
	Define the Avogadro constant

Benchmark 3.2

Thermal Properties of Matter

	Indicator 3.2.1
	Define specific heat capacity and thermal capacity

	Indicator 3.2.2
	Solve problems involving specific heat capacities & thermal capacities

	Indicator 3.2.3
	Explain the physical differences between solid, liquid, gaseous phases

	Indicator 3.2.4
	Describe the process of phase changes in terms of molecular behaviour

	Indicator 3.2.5
	Explain why temperature does not change during a phase change

	Indicator 3.2.6
	Distinguish between evaporation and boiling

	Indicator 3.2.7
	Define specific latent heat

	Indicator 3.2.8
	Solve problems involving specific latent heats

	Indicator 3.2.9
	Define pressure

	Indicator 3.2.10
	State the assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas

	Indicator 3.2.11
	State that temperature is a measure of average random kinetic energy

	Indicator 3.2.12
	Explain the macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas in molecular terms

SCI.IBPH

Standard 4

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Benchmark 4.1

Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

	Indicator 4.1.1
	Describe examples of oscillations

	Indicator 4.1.2
	Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, phase difference

	Indicator 4.1.3
	Define simple harmonic motion and state the defining equation

	Indicator 4.1.4
	Solve problems using the defining equations for SHM

	Indicator 4.1.5
	Apply equations as solutions to the defining equation for SHM

	Indicator 4.1.6
	Solve problems for acceleration, velocity and displacement during SHM

Benchmark 4.2

Energy Changes During Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

	Indicator 4.2.1
	Describe the interchange between kinetic & potential energy during SHM

	Indicator 4.2.2
	Apply expressions for kinetic, total, and potential energy in SHM

	Indicator 4.2.3
	Solve problems involving energy changes during SHM

Benchmark 4.3

Forced Oscillations and Resonance

	Indicator 4.3.1
	State what is meant by damping

	Indicator 4.3.2
	Describe examples of damped oscillations

	Indicator 4.3.3
	Explain natural frequency of vibration and forced oscillations

	Indicator 4.3.4
	Describe graphically the variation of the amplitude of vibration

	Indicator 4.3.5
	State what is meant by resonance

	Indicator 4.3.6
	Describe examples of resonance and where it is useful or not

Benchmark 4.4

Wave Characteristics

	Indicator 4.4.1
	Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive wave

	Indicator 4.4.2
	State that progressive waves transfer energy

	Indicator 4.4.3
	Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves

	Indicator 4.4.4
	Describe waves in two dimensions

	Indicator 4.4.5
	Describe the terms crest, trough, compression and rarefaction

	Indicator 4.4.6
	Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, etc.

	Indicator 4.4.7
	Draw & explain displacement-time and displacement-position graphs

	Indicator 4.4.8
	Derive & apply the relationship between wave speed, wavelength, etc.

	Indicator 4.4.9
	State how all EM waves travel in free space; recall EM wavelengths

Benchmark 4.5

Wave Properties

	Indicator 4.5.1
	Describe reflection and transmission of waves at a boundary

	Indicator 4.5.2
	State and apply Snell's law

	Indicator 4.5.3
	Explain and discuss the diffraction of waves at apertures & obstacles

	Indicator 4.5.4
	Describe examples of diffraction

	Indicator 4.5.5
	State the principle of superposition; explain types of interference

	Indicator 4.5.6
	State conditions for interference in terms of path & phase differences

	Indicator 4.5.7
	Apply principle of superposition to determine the result of two waves

SCI.IBPH

Standard 5

ELECTRIC CURRENTS

Benchmark 5.1

Electric Potential Difference, Current and Resistance

	Indicator 5.1.1
	Define electric potential difference

	Indicator 5.1.2
	Determine change in potential energy when a charge moves between 2 pts

	Indicator 5.1.3
	Define the electronvolt

	Indicator 5.1.4
	Solve problems involving electric potential difference

	Indicator 5.1.5
	Define electric current

	Indicator 5.1.6
	Define resistance

	Indicator 5.1.7
	Apply the equation for resistance

	Indicator 5.1.8
	State Ohm’s law

	Indicator 5.1.9
	Compare ohmic and non-ohmic behaviour

	Indicator 5.1.10
	Derive expressions for electrical power dissipation in resistors

	Indicator 5.1.11
	Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance

Benchmark 5.2

Electric Circuits

	Indicator 5.2.1
	Define electromotive force (emf)

	Indicator 5.2.2
	Describe the concept of internal resistance

	Indicator 5.2.3
	Apply the equations for resistors in series and in parallel

	Indicator 5.2.4
	Draw circuit diagrams

	Indicator 5.2.5
	Describe the use of ideal ammeters and ideal voltmeters

	Indicator 5.2.6
	Describe a potential divider

	Indicator 5.2.7
	Explain the use of sensors in potential divider circuits

	Indicator 5.2.8
	Solve problems involving electric circuits

SCI.IBPH

Standard 6

FIELDS AND FORCES

Benchmark 6.1

Gravitational Force and Field

	Indicator 6.1.1
	State Newton’s universal law of gravitation

	Indicator 6.1.2
	Define gravitational field strength

	Indicator 6.1.3
	Determine the gravitational field due to one or more point masses

	Indicator 6.1.4
	Derive an expression for gravitational field strength

	Indicator 6.1.5
	Solve problems involving gravitational forces and fields

Benchmark 6.2

Electric Force and Field

	Indicator 6.2.1
	State that there are two types of electric charge

	Indicator 6.2.2
	State and apply the law of conservation of charge

	Indicator 6.2.3
	Explain the difference in electrical properties: conductors,insulators

	Indicator 6.2.4
	State Coulomb’s law

	Indicator 6.2.5
	Define electric field strength

	Indicator 6.2.6
	Determine the electric field strength due to one or more point charges

	Indicator 6.2.7
	Draw the electric field patterns for different charge configurations

	Indicator 6.2.8
	Solve problems involving electric charges, forces and fields

Benchmark 6.3

Magnetic Force and Field

	Indicator 6.3.1
	State that moving charges give rise to magnetic fields

	Indicator 6.3.2
	Draw magnetic field patterns due to currents

	Indicator 6.3.3
	Determine direction of the force on a conductor in a magnetic field

	Indicator 6.3.4
	Determine direction of the force on a charge moving in magnetic field

	Indicator 6.3.5
	Define the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field

	Indicator 6.3.6
	Solve problems involving magnetic forces, fields and currents

SCI.IBPH

Standard 7

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Benchmark 7.1

The Atom

	Indicator 7.1.1
	Describe a model of the atom: small nucleus surrounded by electrons

	Indicator 7.1.2
	Outline the evidence that supports a nuclear model of the atom

	Indicator 7.1.3
	Outline one limitation of the simple model of the nuclear atom

	Indicator 7.1.4
	Outline evidence for the existence of atomic energy levels

	Indicator 7.1.5
	Explain the terms nuclide, isotope and nucleon

	Indicator 7.1.6
	Define nucleon number A, proton number Z and neutron number N

	Indicator 7.1.7
	Describe the interactions of the nucleus

Benchmark 7.2

Radioactive Decay

	Indicator 7.2.1
	Describe the phenomenon of natural radioactive decay

	Indicator 7.2.2
	Describe the properties of alpha & beta particles and gamma radiation

	Indicator 7.2.3
	Describe ionizing properties: alpha & beta particles & gamma radiation

	Indicator 7.2.4
	Outline the biological effects of ionizing radiation

	Indicator 7.2.5
	Explain why some nuclei are stable while others are unstable

	Indicator 7.2.6
	State that radioactive decay is random & spontaneous and discuss rate

	Indicator 7.2.7
	Define the term radioactive half-life

	Indicator 7.2.8
	Determine the half-life of a nuclide from decay curve

	Indicator 7.2.9
	Solve radioactive decay problems with integral numbers of half-lives

Benchmark 7.3

Nuclear Reactions, Fission and Fusion

	Indicator 7.3.1
	Describe and give an example of an artificial (induced) transmutation

	Indicator 7.3.2
	Construct and complete nuclear equations

	Indicator 7.3.3
	Define the term unified atomic mass unit

	Indicator 7.3.4
	Apply Einstein mass-energy equivalence relationship

	Indicator 7.3.5
	Define mass defect, binding energy, and binding energy per nucleon

	Indicator 7.3.6
	Draw a graph of the variation of nucleon number with binding energy

	Indicator 7.3.7
	Solve problems involving mass defect and binding energy

	Indicator 7.3.8
	Describe the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

	Indicator 7.3.9
	Apply the graph in 7.3.6 to account for energy release

	Indicator 7.3.10
	State that nuclear fusion is the main source of the Sun’s energy

	Indicator 7.3.11
	Solve problems involving fission and fusion reactions

SCI.IBPH

Standard 8

ENERGY, POWER AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Benchmark 8.1

Energy Degradation and Power Generation

	Indicator 8.1.1
	State that thermal energy may be converted to work

	Indicator 8.1.2
	Explain what is meant by degraded energy

	Indicator 8.1.3
	Construct Sankey diagrams and identify where the energy is degraded

	Indicator 8.1.4
	Outline the mechanisms involved in the production of electrical power

Benchmark 8.2

World Energy Sources

	Indicator 8.2.1
	Identify different world energy sources

	Indicator 8.2.2
	Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources

	Indicator 8.2.3
	Define the energy density of a fuel

	Indicator 8.2.4
	Discuss how choice of fuel is influenced by its energy density

	Indicator 8.2.5
	State the relative proportions of world use of energy sources

	Indicator 8.2.6
	Discuss relative advantages & disadvantages of various energy sources

Benchmark 8.3

Fossil Fuel Power Production

	Indicator 8.3.1
	Outline historical/geographical reasons for widespread fossil fuel use

	Indicator 8.3.2
	Discuss the energy density of fossil fuels & demands of power stations

	Indicator 8.3.3
	Discuss advantages/disadvantages of fossil fuel storage & transport

	Indicator 8.3.4
	State the overall efficiency of power stations fuelled by fossil fuels

	Indicator 8.3.5
	Describe the environmental problems with recovery of fossil fuels

Benchmark 8.4

Non-Fossil Fuel Power Production

	Indicator 8.4.1
	Explain how neutrons produced in fission may initiate a chain reaction

	Indicator 8.4.2
	Compare controlled nuclear fission and uncontrolled nuclear fission

	Indicator 8.4.3
	Describe what is meant by fuel enrichment

	Indicator 8.4.4
	Describe the main energy transformations in a nuclear power station

	Indicator 8.4.5
	Discuss the role of the moderator & control rods in controlled fission

	Indicator 8.4.6
	Discuss the role of the heat exchanger in a fission reactor

	Indicator 8.4.7
	Describe the production of plutonium-239 by uranium-239

	Indicator 8.4.8
	Describe the importance of plutonium-239 as a nuclear fuel

	Indicator 8.4.9
	Discuss safety issues & risks associated with nuclear power

	Indicator 8.4.10
	Outline the problems with producing nuclear power using nuclear fusion

	Indicator 8.4.11
	Solve problems on the production of nuclear power

	Indicator 8.4.12
	Distinguish between a photovoltaic cell and a solar heating panel

	Indicator 8.4.13
	Outline reasons for seasonal and regional variations in solar power

	Indicator 8.4.14
	Solve problems involving photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels

	Indicator 8.4.15
	Distinguish between different hydroelectric schemes

	Indicator 8.4.16
	Describe the main energy transformations in hydroelectric schemes

	Indicator 8.4.17
	Solve problems involving hydroelectric schemes

	Indicator 8.4.18
	Outline the basic features of a wind generator

	Indicator 8.4.19
	Determine the power that may be delivered by a wind generator

	Indicator 8.4.20
	Solve problems involving wind power

	Indicator 8.4.21
	Describe the operation of an OWC ocean-wave energy converter

	Indicator 8.4.22
	Determine the power per unit length of a wavefront

	Indicator 8.4.23
	Solve problems involving wave power

Benchmark 8.5

Greenhouse Effect

	Indicator 8.5.1
	Calculate the intensity of the Sun’s radiation incident on the planet

	Indicator 8.5.2
	Define albedo

	Indicator 8.5.3
	State factors that determine a planet's albedo

	Indicator 8.5.4
	Describe the greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.5.5
	Identify the main greenhouse gases and their sources

	Indicator 8.5.6
	Explain the molecular mechanisms by which greenhouse gases absorb IR

	Indicator 8.5.7
	Analyse absorption graphs to compare the effects of different gases

	Indicator 8.5.8
	Outline the nature of black-body radiation

	Indicator 8.5.9
	Draw a graph of the emission spectra of black bodies

	Indicator 8.5.10
	State the Stefan-Boltzmann law; apply it to compare emission rates

	Indicator 8.5.11
	Apply the concept of emissivity to compare emission rates

	Indicator 8.5.12
	Define surface heat capacity

	Indicator 8.5.13
	Solve greenhouse effect & planet heating problems with a climate model

Benchmark 8.6

Global Warming

	Indicator 8.6.1
	Describe some possible models of global warming

	Indicator 8.6.2
	State what is meant by the enhanced greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.6.3
	Identify the likely major cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.6.4
	Describe evidence linking global warming to increased greenhouse gases

	Indicator 8.6.5
	Outline some mechanisms that may increase the rate of global warming

	Indicator 8.6.6
	Define coefficient of volume expansion

	Indicator 8.6.7
	State that possible effect is a rise in mean sea-level

	Indicator 8.6.8
	Outline possible reasons for a predicted rise in mean sea-level

	Indicator 8.6.9
	Identify climate change as an outcome of the greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.6.10
	Solve problems related to the enhanced greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.6.11
	Identify possible solutions to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect

	Indicator 8.6.12
	Discuss international efforts to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect

SCI.IBPH

Standard 9

MOTION IN FIELDS

Benchmark 9.1

Projectile Motion

	Indicator 9.1.1
	State independence of the vertical & horizontal components of velocity

	Indicator 9.1.2
	Describe and sketch the trajectory of projectile motion as parabolic

	Indicator 9.1.3
	Describe the effect of air resistance on trajectory of a projectile

	Indicator 9.1.4
	Solve problems on projectile motion

Benchmark 9.2

Gravitational Field, Potential and Energy

	Indicator 9.2.1
	Define gravitational potential and gravitational potential energy

	Indicator 9.2.2
	Apply the expression for gravitational potential due to a point mass

	Indicator 9.2.3
	Apply the formula relating field strength to potential gradient

	Indicator 9.2.4
	Determine the potential due to one or more point masses

	Indicator 9.2.5
	Describe the pattern of equipotential surfaces due to point masses

	Indicator 9.2.6
	Relate equipotential surfaces and gravitational field lines

	Indicator 9.2.7
	Explain the concept of escape speed from a planet

	Indicator 9.2.8
	Derive an expression for the escape speed of an object from a planet

	Indicator 9.2.9
	Solve gravitational potential energy/gravitational potential problems

Benchmark 9.3

Electric Field, Potential and Energy

	Indicator 9.3.1
	Define electric potential and electric potential energy

	Indicator 9.3.2
	State & apply expression for electric potential due to a point charge

	Indicator 9.3.3
	Apply formula relating electric field strength to potential gradient

	Indicator 9.3.4
	Determine the potential due to one or more point charges

	Indicator 9.3.5
	Describe the pattern of equipotential surfaces due to point charges

	Indicator 9.3.6
	State the relation between equipotential surfaces and electric field

	Indicator 9.3.7
	Solve problems involving electric potential energy and potential

Benchmark 9.4

Orbital Motion

	Indicator 9.4.1
	State that gravitation provides the centripetal force for orbits

	Indicator 9.4.2
	Derive Kepler's third law

	Indicator 9.4.3
	Derive expressions for the types of energy of an orbiting satellite

	Indicator 9.4.4
	Sketch graphs showing the variation with orbital radius and energies

	Indicator 9.4.5
	Discuss “weightlessness” in orbital motion, free fall, and deep space

	Indicator 9.4.6
	Solve problems involving orbital motion

SCI.IBPH

Standard 10

THERMAL PHYSICS

Benchmark 10.1

Thermodynamics

	Indicator 10.1.1
	State the equation of state for an ideal gas

	Indicator 10.1.2
	Describe the difference between an ideal gas and a real gas

	Indicator 10.1.3
	Describe the concept of absolute zero and the Kelvin scale

	Indicator 10.1.4
	Solve problems using the equation of state of an ideal gas

Benchmark 10.2

Processes

	Indicator 10.2.1
	Deduce an expression for the work involved in a volume change of a gas

	Indicator 10.2.2
	State the first law of thermodynamics

	Indicator 10.2.3
	Identify the first law of thermodynamics

	Indicator 10.2.4
	Describe a variety of changes of state of an ideal gas

	Indicator 10.2.5
	Annotate the thermodynamic processes & cycles on P-V diagrams

	Indicator 10.2.6
	Calculate from a P-V diagram the work done in a thermodynamic cycle

	Indicator 10.2.7
	Solve problems involving state changes of a gas

Benchmark 10.3

Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

	Indicator 10.3.1
	State the second law of thermodynamics

	Indicator 10.3.2
	State that entropy expresses the degree of disorder in the system

	Indicator 10.3.3
	State the second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy changes

	Indicator 10.3.4
	Discuss examples of natural processes in terms of entropy changes

SCI.IBPH

Standard 11

WAVE PHENOMENA

Benchmark 11.1

Standing (Stationary) Waves

	Indicator 11.1.1
	Describe the nature of standing (stationary) waves

	Indicator 11.1.2
	Explain the formation of one-dimensional standing waves

	Indicator 11.1.3
	Discuss modes of vibration of strings & air in open & in closed pipes

	Indicator 11.1.4
	Compare standing waves and travelling waves

	Indicator 11.1.5
	Solve problems involving standing waves

Benchmark 11.2

Doppler Effect

	Indicator 11.2.1
	Describe what is meant by the Doppler effect

	Indicator 11.2.2
	Explain the Doppler effect by reference to wavefront diagrams

	Indicator 11.2.3
	Apply the Doppler effect equations for sound

	Indicator 11.2.4
	Solve problems on the Doppler effect for sound

	Indicator 11.2.5
	Solve problems on the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves

	Indicator 11.2.6
	Outline an example in which Doppler effect is used to measure speed

Benchmark 11.3

Diffraction

	Indicator 11.3.1
	Sketch the variation of the relative intensity of light

	Indicator 11.3.2
	Derive the formula for the position of the first minimum

	Indicator 11.3.3
	Solve problems involving single-slit diffraction

Benchmark 11.4

Resolution

	Indicator 11.4.1
	Sketch the variation of the relative intensity of light

	Indicator 11.4.2
	State the Rayleigh criterion for images of two sources to be resolved

	Indicator 11.4.3
	Describe the significance of resolution in development of devices

	Indicator 11.4.4
	Solve problems involving resolution

Benchmark 11.5

Polarization

	Indicator 11.5.1
	Describe what is meant by polarized light

	Indicator 11.5.2
	Describe polarization by reflection

	Indicator 11.5.3
	State and apply Brewster's law

	Indicator 11.5.4
	Explain the terms polarizer and analyser

	Indicator 11.5.5
	Calculate the intensity of a beam of light using Malus' law

	Indicator 11.5.6
	Describe what is meant by an optically active substance

	Indicator 11.5.7
	Describe the use of polarization to determine solution concentration

	Indicator 11.5.8
	Outline qualitatively how polarization may be used in stress analysis

	Indicator 11.5.9
	Outline qualitatively the action of liquid-crystal displays (LCDs)

	Indicator 11.5.10
	Solve problems involving the polarization of light

SCI.IBPH

Standard 12

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Benchmark 12.1

Induced Electromotive Force (emf)

	Indicator 12.1.1
	Describe the inducing of an emf by motion between a conductor & field

	Indicator 12.1.2
	Derive the formula for the emf induced in a straight conductor

	Indicator 12.1.3
	Define magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage

	Indicator 12.1.4
	Describe the production of an induced emf by a time-changing flux

	Indicator 12.1.5
	State Faraday's law and Lenz's law

	Indicator 12.1.6
	Solve electromagnetic induction problems

Benchmark 12.2

Alternating Current

	Indicator 12.2.1
	Describe the emf induced in a coil rotating within a uniform field

	Indicator 12.2.2
	Explain the operation of a basic alternating current (ac) generator

	Indicator 12.2.3
	Describe the effect on the induced emf of changing generator frequency

	Indicator 12.2.4
	Discuss what is meant by the root mean squared of an ac or voltage

	Indicator 12.2.5
	State the relation between peak & rms values for currents and voltages

	Indicator 12.2.6
	Solve problems using peak and rms values

	Indicator 12.2.7
	Solve ac circuit problems for ohmic resistors

	Indicator 12.2.8
	Describe the operation of an ideal transformer

Benchmark 12.3

Transmission of Electrical Power

	Indicator 12.3.1
	Outline reasons for power losses in transmission lines & transformers

	Indicator 12.3.2
	Explain the use of high-voltage step-up and step-down transformers

	Indicator 12.3.3
	Solve problems on operation of real transformers & power transmission

	Indicator 12.3.4
	Suggest how extra-low-frequency EM fields induce currents in body

	Indicator 12.3.5
	Discuss possible risks involved in living and working near power lines

SCI.IBPH

Standard 13

QUANTUM PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Benchmark 13.1

Quantum Physics

	Indicator 13.1.1
	Describe the photoelectric effect

	Indicator 13.1.2
	Describe concept of the photon; use it to explain photoelectric effect

	Indicator 13.1.3
	Describe and explain an experiment to test the Einstein model

	Indicator 13.1.4
	Solve problems involving the photoelectric effect

	Indicator 13.1.5
	Describe the de Broglie hypothesis and the concept of matter waves

	Indicator 13.1.6
	Outline an experiment to verify the de Broglie hypothesis

	Indicator 13.1.7
	Solve problems involving matter waves

	Indicator 13.1.8
	Outline a procedure for producing and observing atomic spectra

	Indicator 13.1.9
	Explain how atomic spectra provide evidence for quantization of energy

	Indicator 13.1.10
	Calculate wavelengths of spectral lines for energy level differences

	Indicator 13.1.11
	Explain the origin of atomic energy levels using "electron in a box"

	Indicator 13.1.12
	Outline the Schrödinger model of the hydrogen atom

	Indicator 13.1.13
	Outline the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Benchmark 13.2

Nuclear Physics

	Indicator 13.2.1
	Explain how the radii of nuclei may be estimated

	Indicator 13.2.2
	Describe how the masses of nuclei may be determined

	Indicator 13.2.3
	Describe one piece of evidence for existence of nuclear energy levels

	Indicator 13.2.4
	Describe beta decay, including the existence of the neutrino

	Indicator 13.2.5
	State the radioactive decay law as an exponential function

	Indicator 13.2.6
	Derive the relationship between decay constant and half-life

	Indicator 13.2.7
	Outline methods for measuring the half-life of an isotope

	Indicator 13.2.8
	Solve problems involving radioactive half-life

SCI.IBPH

Standard 14

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Benchmark 14.1

Analogue and Digital Signals

	Indicator 14.1.1
	Solve conversion problems between binary numbers & decimal numbers

	Indicator 14.1.2
	Describe different means of storage of information: analogue & digital

	Indicator 14.1.3
	Explain how interference of light is used to recover information

	Indicator 14.1.4
	Calculate an appropriate depth for a pit from the laser's wavelength

	Indicator 14.1.5
	Solve problems on CDs and DVDs related to data storage capacity

	Indicator 14.1.6
	Discuss advantages of storage of information in digital v. analogue

	Indicator 14.1.7
	Discuss the implications for society of ever-increasing data storage

Benchmark 14.2

Data Capture; Digital Imaging Using Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

	Indicator 14.2.1
	Define capacitance

	Indicator 14.2.2
	Describe the structure of a charge-coupled device (CCD)

	Indicator 14.2.3
	Explain how incident light causes charge to build up within a pixel

	Indicator 14.2.4
	Outline how the image on a CCD is digitized

	Indicator 14.2.5
	Define quantum efficiency of a pixel

	Indicator 14.2.6
	Define magnification

	Indicator 14.2.7
	State the minimum requirements to just resolve an object on a CCD

	Indicator 14.2.8
	Discuss the effects of quantum efficiency, etc. on image quality

	Indicator 14.2.9
	Describe a range of practical uses of CCD; list advantages over film

	Indicator 14.2.10
	Outline how the image stored in a CCD is retrieved

	Indicator 14.2.11
	Solve problems involving the use of CCDs

SCI.IBPH

Standard A

SIGHT AND WAVE PHENOMENA

Benchmark A.1

The Eye and Sight

	Indicator A.1.1
	Describe the basic structure of the human eye

	Indicator A.1.2
	State and explain the process of depth of vision and accommodation

	Indicator A.1.3
	State that the retina contains rods & cones; describe the surface

	Indicator A.1.4
	Describe the function of rods & cones in photopic and scotopic vision

	Indicator A.1.5
	Describe colour mixing of light by addition and subtraction

	Indicator A.1.6
	Discuss the effect of light, dark, and colour on perception of objects

Benchmark A.2

Standing (Stationary) Waves

	Indicator A.2.1
	Describe the nature of standing (stationary) waves

	Indicator A.2.2
	Explain the formation of one-dimensional standing waves

	Indicator A.2.3
	Discuss modes of vibration of strings & air in open & in closed pipes

	Indicator A.2.4
	Compare standing waves and travelling waves

	Indicator A.2.5
	Solve problems involving standing waves

Benchmark A.3

Doppler Effect

	Indicator A.3.1
	Describe what is meant by the Doppler effect

	Indicator A.3.2
	Explain the Doppler effect by reference to wavefront diagrams

	Indicator A.3.3
	Apply the Doppler effect equations for sound

	Indicator A.3.4
	Solve problems on the Doppler effect for sound

	Indicator A.3.5
	Solve problems on the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves

	Indicator A.3.6
	Outline an example in which Doppler effect is used to measure speed

Benchmark A.4

Diffraction

	Indicator A.4.1
	Sketch the variation of the relative intensity of light

	Indicator A.4.2
	Derive the formula for the position of the first minimum

	Indicator A.4.3
	Solve problems involving single-slit diffraction

Benchmark A.5

Resolution

	Indicator A.5.1
	Sketch the variation of the relative intensity of light

	Indicator A.5.2
	State the Rayleigh criterion for images of two sources to be resolved

	Indicator A.5.3
	Describe the significance of resolution in the development of devices

	Indicator A.5.4
	Solve problems involving resolution

Benchmark A.6

Polarization

	Indicator A.6.1
	Describe what is meant by polarized light

	Indicator A.6.2
	Describe polarization by reflection

	Indicator A.6.3
	State and apply Brewster's law

	Indicator A.6.4
	Explain the terms polarizer and analyser

	Indicator A.6.5
	Calculate the intensity of a beam of light using Malus' law

	Indicator A.6.6
	Describe what is meant by an optically active substance

	Indicator A.6.7
	Describe the use of polarization to determine solution concentration

	Indicator A.6.8
	Outline qualitatively how polarization may be used in stress analysis

	Indicator A.6.9
	Outline qualitatively the action of liquid-crystal displays (LCDs)

	Indicator A.6.10
	Solve problems involving the polarization of light

SCI.IBPH

Standard B

QUANTUM PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Benchmark B.1

Quantum Physics

	Indicator B.1.1
	Describe the photoelectric effect

	Indicator B.1.2
	Describe concept of the photon; use it to explain photoelectric effect

	Indicator B.1.3
	Describe and explain an experiment to test the Einstein model

	Indicator B.1.4
	Solve problems involving the photoelectric effect

	Indicator B.1.5
	Describe the de Broglie hypothesis and the concept of matter waves

	Indicator B.1.6
	Outline an experiment to verify the de Broglie hypothesis

	Indicator B.1.7
	Solve problems involving matter waves

	Indicator B.1.8
	Outline a procedure for producing and observing atomic spectra

	Indicator B.1.9
	Explain how atomic spectra provide evidence for quantization of energy

	Indicator B.1.10
	Calculate wavelengths of spectral lines from energy level differences

	Indicator B.1.11
	Explain the origin of atomic energy levels using "electron in a box"

	Indicator B.1.12
	Outline the Schrödinger model of the hydrogen atom

	Indicator B.1.13
	Outline the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Benchmark B.2

Nuclear Physics

	Indicator B.2.1
	Explain how the radii of nuclei may be estimated

	Indicator B.2.2
	Describe how the masses of nuclei may be determined

	Indicator B.2.3
	Describe one piece of evidence for existence of nuclear energy levels

	Indicator B.2.4
	Describe beta decay, including the existence of the neutrino

	Indicator B.2.5
	State the radioactive decay law as an exponential function

	Indicator B.2.6
	Derive the relationship between decay constant and half-life

	Indicator B.2.7
	Outline methods for measuring the half-life of an isotope

	Indicator B.2.8
	Solve problems involving radioactive half-life

SCI.IBPH

Standard C

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Benchmark C.1

Analogue and Digital Signals

	Indicator C.1.1
	Solve conversion problems between binary numbers & decimal numbers

	Indicator C.1.2
	Describe different means of storage of information; analogue & digital

	Indicator C.1.3
	Explain how interference of light is used to recover information

	Indicator C.1.4
	Calculate an appropriate depth for a pit from the laser's wavelength

	Indicator C.1.5
	Solve problems on CDs and DVDs related to data storage capacity

	Indicator C.1.6
	Discuss advantages of storage of information in digital v. analogue

	Indicator C.1.7
	Discuss the implications for society of ever-increasing data storage

Benchmark C.2

Data Capture; Digital Imaging Using Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

	Indicator C.2.1
	Define capacitance

	Indicator C.2.2
	Describe the structure of a charge-coupled device (CCD). (Obj 2)

	Indicator C.2.3
	Explain how incident light causes charge to build up within a pixel

	Indicator C.2.4
	Outline how the image on a CCD is digitized

	Indicator C.2.5
	Define quantum efficiency of a pixel

	Indicator C.2.6
	Define magnification

	Indicator C.2.7
	State the minimum requirements to just resolve an object on a CCD

	Indicator C.2.8
	Discuss the effects of quantum efficiency, etc. on image quality

	Indicator C.2.9
	Describe a range of practical uses of CCD; list advantages over film

	Indicator C.2.10
	Outline how the image stored in a CCD is retrieved

	Indicator C.2.11
	Solve problems involving the use of CCDs

Benchmark C.3

Electronics

	Indicator C.3.1
	State the properties of an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp)

	Indicator C.3.2
	Draw circuit diagrams incorporating operational amplifiers

	Indicator C.3.3
	Derive an expression for the gain of amplifiers (inverting and non)

	Indicator C.3.4
	Describe the use of an operational amplifier circuit as a comparator

	Indicator C.3.5
	Describe the use of a Schmitt trigger for the reshaping of pulses

	Indicator C.3.6
	Solve problems involving circuits incorporating operational amplifiers

Benchmark C.4

The Mobile Phone System

	Indicator C.4.1
	State that any area is allocated a range of frequencies for its cells

	Indicator C.4.2
	Describe the role of the cellular exchange and PSTN in communications

	Indicator C.4.3
	Discuss the use of mobile phones in multimedia communication

	Indicator C.4.4
	Discuss the moral, ethical, etc. issues arising from mobile phone use

SCI.IBPH

Standard D

RELATIVITY AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Benchmark D.1

Introduction to Relativity

	Indicator D.1.1
	Describe what is meant by a frame of reference

	Indicator D.1.2
	Describe what is meant by a Galilean transformation

	Indicator D.1.3
	Solve problems involving relative velocities

Benchmark D.2

Concepts and Postulates of Special Relativity

	Indicator D.2.1
	Describe what is meant by an inertial frame of reference

	Indicator D.2.2
	State the two postulates of the special theory of relativity

	Indicator D.2.3
	Discuss the concept of simultaneity

Benchmark D.3

Relativistic Kinematics

	Indicator D.3.1
	Describe the concept of a light clock

	Indicator D.3.2
	Define proper time interval

	Indicator D.3.3
	Derive the time dilation formula

	Indicator D.3.4
	Sketch and annotate a graph showing variation with relative velocity

	Indicator D.3.5
	Solve problems involving time dilation

	Indicator D.3.6
	Define proper length

	Indicator D.3.7
	Describe the phenomenon of length contraction

	Indicator D.3.8
	Solve problems involving length contraction

Benchmark D.4

Particles and Interactions

	Indicator D.4.1
	State what is meant by an elementary particle

	Indicator D.4.2
	Identify elementary particles

	Indicator D.4.3
	Describe particles in terms of mass and various quantum numbers

	Indicator D.4.4
	Classify particles according to spin

	Indicator D.4.5
	State what is meant by an antiparticle

	Indicator D.4.6
	State the Pauli exclusion principle

	Indicator D.4.7
	List the fundamental interactions

	Indicator D.4.8
	Describe the fundamental interactions in terms of exchange particles

	Indicator D.4.9
	Discuss the uncertainty principle in the context of particle creation

	Indicator D.4.10
	Describe what is meant by a Feynman diagram

	Indicator D.4.11
	Discuss how a Feynman diagram may be used to calculate probabilities

	Indicator D.4.12
	Describe what is meant by virtual particles

	Indicator D.4.13
	Apply the formula for the range for particle exchange

	Indicator D.4.14
	Describe pair annihilation and pair production using Feynmen diagrams

	Indicator D.4.15
	Predict particle processes using Feynman diagrams

Benchmark D.5

Quarks

	Indicator D.5.1
	List the six types of quark

	Indicator D.5.2
	State the content of hadrons

	Indicator D.5.3
	State the quark content of the proton and the neutron

	Indicator D.5.4
	Define baryon number and apply law of conservation of baryon number

	Indicator D.5.5
	Deduce the spin structure of hadrons

	Indicator D.5.6
	Explain the need for colour in forming bound states of quarks

	Indicator D.5.7
	State the colour of quarks and gluons

	Indicator D.5.8
	Outline the concept of strangeness

	Indicator D.5.9
	Discuss quark confinement

	Indicator D.5.10
	Discuss the interaction that binds nucleons

SCI.IBPH

Standard E

ASTROPHYSICS

Benchmark E.1

Introduction to the Universe

	Indicator E.1.1
	Outline the general structure of the solar system

	Indicator E.1.2
	Distinguish between a stellar cluster and a constellation

	Indicator E.1.3
	Define the light year

	Indicator E.1.4
	Compare the relative distances between stars

	Indicator E.1.5
	Describe the apparent motion of the stars/constellations

Benchmark E.2

Stellar Radiation and Stellar Types

	Indicator E.2.1
	State that fusion is the main energy source of stars

	Indicator E.2.2
	Explain the equilibrium in a stable star

	Indicator E.2.3
	Define the luminosity of a star

	Indicator E.2.4
	Define apparent brightness and state how it is measured

	Indicator E.2.5
	Apply the Stefan-Boltzmann law to compare luminosities

	Indicator E.2.6
	State Wien's law and apply it to the colour and temperature of stars

	Indicator E.2.7
	Explain how atomic spectra may be used to deduce data for stars

	Indicator E.2.8
	Describe the overall classification system of spectral classes

	Indicator E.2.9
	Describe the different types of star

	Indicator E.2.10
	Discuss the characteristics of spectroscopic & eclipsing binary stars

	Indicator E.2.11
	Identify the regions of star types on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

Benchmark E.3

Stellar Distances

	Indicator E.3.1
	Define the parsec

	Indicator E.3.2
	Describe the stellar parallax method of finding the distance to a star

	Indicator E.3.3
	Explain why the method of stellar parallax is limited in distance

	Indicator E.3.4
	Solve problems involving stellar parallax

	Indicator E.3.5
	Describe the apparent magnitude scale

	Indicator E.3.6
	Define absolute magnitude

	Indicator E.3.7
	Solve problems involving apparent/absolute magnitude & distance

	Indicator E.3.8
	Solve problems involving apparent brightness and apparent magnitude

	Indicator E.3.9
	State that the luminosity of a star may be estimated from its spectrum

	Indicator E.3.10
	Explain how stellar distance may be determined

	Indicator E.3.11
	State that the method of spectroscopic parallax is limited to < 10 Mpc

	Indicator E.3.12
	Solve problems involving distances, apparent brightness and luminosity

	Indicator E.3.13
	Outline the nature of a Cepheid variable

	Indicator E.3.14
	State the relationship between period and absolute magnitude

	Indicator E.3.15
	Explain how Cepheid variables may be used as "standard candles"

	Indicator E.3.16
	Determine the distance to a Cepheid variable

Benchmark E.4

Cosmology

	Indicator E.4.1
	Describe Newton’s model of the universe

	Indicator E.4.2
	Explain Olbers' paradox

	Indicator E.4.3
	Suggest that red-shift of light indicates expansion of the universe

	Indicator E.4.4
	Describe both space and time as originating with the Big Bang

	Indicator E.4.5
	Describe the discovery of CMB radiation by Penzias and Wilson

	Indicator E.4.6
	Explain how cosmic radiation is consistent with the Big Bang model

	Indicator E.4.7
	Suggest how Big Bang model provides a resolution to Olbers' paradox

	Indicator E.4.8
	Distinguish between the terms open, flat and closed

	Indicator E.4.9
	Define the term critical density by reference to a flat model

	Indicator E.4.10
	Discuss how the density of the universe determines its development

	Indicator E.4.11
	Discuss problems with determining the density of the universe

	Indicator E.4.12
	State that current scientific evidence suggests the universe is open

	Indicator E.4.13
	Discuss example of the international nature of astrophysics research

	Indicator E.4.14
	Evaluate arguments related to researching the nature of the universe

Benchmark E.5

Stellar Processes and Stellar Evolution (HL)

	Indicator E.5.1
	Describe the conditions that initiate fusion in a star

	Indicator E.5.2
	State the effect of a star’s mass on the end product of nuclear fusion

	Indicator E.5.3
	Outline the changes that take place when a star becomes a red giant

	Indicator E.5.4
	Apply the mass–luminosity relation

	Indicator E.5.5
	Explain how the Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer-Volkoff limits are used

	Indicator E.5.6
	Compare the fate of a red giant and a red supergiant

	Indicator E.5.7
	Draw evolutionary paths of stars on an HR diagram

	Indicator E.5.8
	Outline the characteristics of pulsars

Benchmark E.6

Galaxies and the Expanding Universe (HL)

	Indicator E.6.1
	Describe the distribution of galaxies in the universe

	Indicator E.6.2
	Explain the red-shift of light from distant galaxies

	Indicator E.6.3
	Solve problems involving red-shift and the recession speed of galaxies

	Indicator E.6.4
	State Hubble's law

	Indicator E.6.5
	Discuss the limitations of Hubble's law

	Indicator E.6.6
	Explain how the Hubble constant may be determined

	Indicator E.6.7
	Explain how the Hubble constant is used to estimate the universe's age

	Indicator E.6.8
	Solve problems involving Hubble's law

	Indicator E.6.9
	Explain how the expansion of the universe made atoms, etc. possible

SCI.IBPH

Standard F

COMMUNICATIONS

Benchmark F.1

Radio Communication

	Indicator F.1.1
	Describe what is meant by the modulation of a wave

	Indicator F.1.2
	Distinguish between a carrier wave and a signal wave

	Indicator F.1.3
	Describe amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)

	Indicator F.1.4
	Solve problems based on the modulation of the carrier wave

	Indicator F.1.5
	Sketch and analyse graphs of the power spectrum of a carrier wave

	Indicator F.1.6
	Define what is meant by sideband frequencies and bandwidth

	Indicator F.1.7
	Solve problems involving sideband frequencies and bandwidth

	Indicator F.1.8
	Describe the relative advantages and disadvantages of AM and FM

	Indicator F.1.9
	Describe, by means of a block diagram, an AM radio receiver

Benchmark F.2

Digital Signals

	Indicator F.2.1
	Solve problems involving the conversion of binary and decimal numbers

	Indicator F.2.2
	Distinguish between analogue and digital signals

	Indicator F.2.3
	State the advantages of the digital transmission of information

	Indicator F.2.4
	Describe the principles of the transmission and reception

	Indicator F.2.5
	Explain the significance of the number of bits and bit-rate

	Indicator F.2.6
	Describe what is meant by time-division multiplexing

	Indicator F.2.7
	Solve problems involving analogue-to-digital conversion

	Indicator F.2.8
	Describe the consequences of digital communication and multiplexing

	Indicator F.2.9
	Discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of the Internet

Benchmark F.3

Optic Fiber Transmission

	Indicator F.3.1
	Explain what is meant by critical angle and total internal reflection

	Indicator F.3.2
	Solve problems involving refractive index and critical angle

	Indicator F.3.3
	Apply the concept of total internal reflection to an optic fibre

	Indicator F.3.4
	Describe the effects of material dispersion and modal dispersion

	Indicator F.3.5
	Explain what is meant by attenuation and solve problems

	Indicator F.3.6
	Describe the variation with wavelength of the attenuation of radiation

	Indicator F.3.7
	State what is meant by noise in an optic fibre

	Indicator F.3.8
	Describe the role of amplifiers and reshapers in optic fibre

	Indicator F.3.9
	Solve problems involving optic fibres

Benchmark F.4

Channels of Communication

	Indicator F.4.1
	Outline different channels of communication

	Indicator F.4.2
	Discuss uses & relative advantages of different communication channels

	Indicator F.4.3
	State what is meant by a geostationary satellite

	Indicator F.4.4
	State the order of magnitude of the frequencies used for communication

	Indicator F.4.5
	Discuss the pros & cons of geostationary vs. polar-orbiting satellites

	Indicator F.4.6
	Discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of satellites

Benchmark F.5

Electronics (HL)

	Indicator F.5.1
	State the properties of an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp)

	Indicator F.5.2
	Draw circuit diagrams incorporating operational amplifiers

	Indicator F.5.3
	Derive an expression for the gain of amplifiers (inverting and non)

	Indicator F.5.4
	Describe the use of an operational amplifier circuit as a comparator

	Indicator F.5.5
	Describe the use of a Schmitt trigger for the reshaping of pulses

	Indicator F.5.6
	Solve problems involving circuits incorporating operational amplifiers

Benchmark F.6

The Mobile Phone System (HL)

	Indicator F.6.1
	State that any area is allocated a range of frequencies for its cells

	Indicator F.6.2
	Describe the role of cellular exchange and the PSTN in communications

	Indicator F.6.3
	Discuss the use of mobile phones in multimedia communication

	Indicator F.6.4
	Discuss the moral, ethical, etc. issues arising from mobile phone use

SCI.IBPH

Standard G

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Benchmark G.1

The Nature of EM Waves and Light Sources

	Indicator G.1.1
	Outline the nature of electromagnetic (EM) waves

	Indicator G.1.2
	Describe the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

	Indicator G.1.3
	Describe what is meant by the dispersion of EM waves

	Indicator G.1.4
	Describe the dispersion of EM waves

	Indicator G.1.5
	Distinguish transmission, absorption and scattering of radiation

	Indicator G.1.6
	Discuss examples: transmission, absorption, scattering of EM radiation

	Indicator G.1.7
	Explain the terms monochromatic and coherent

	Indicator G.1.8
	Identify laser light as a source of coherent light

	Indicator G.1.9
	Outline the mechanism for the production of laser light

	Indicator G.1.10
	Outline an application of the use of a laser

Benchmark G.2

Optical Instruments

	Indicator G.2.1
	Define terms as applied to a converging (convex) lens

	Indicator G.2.2
	Define the power of a convex lens and the dioptre

	Indicator G.2.3
	Define linear magnification

	Indicator G.2.4
	Construct ray diagrams to locate the image formed by a convex lens

	Indicator G.2.5
	Distinguish between a real image and a virtual image

	Indicator G.2.6
	Apply “real is positive, virtual is negative” to the thin lens formula

	Indicator G.2.7
	Solve problems for a single convex lens using the thin lens formula

	Indicator G.2.8
	Define the terms far point and near point for the unaided eye

	Indicator G.2.9
	Define angular magnification

	Indicator G.2.10
	Derive an expression for the angular magnification

	Indicator G.2.11
	Construct a ray diagram for a compound microscope

	Indicator G.2.12
	Construct a ray diagram for an astronomical telescope

	Indicator G.2.13
	State the equation relating angular magnification to the focal lengths

	Indicator G.2.14
	Solve problems involving the microscope and telescope

	Indicator G.2.15
	Explain the meaning of spherical aberration and chromatic aberration

	Indicator G.2.16
	Describe how spherical aberration in a lens may be reduced

	Indicator G.2.17
	Describe how chromatic aberration in a lens may be reduced

Benchmark G.3

Two-Source Interference of Waves

	Indicator G.3.1
	State conditions necessary to observe interference between two sources

	Indicator G.3.2
	Explain, using the principle of superposition, an interference pattern

	Indicator G.3.3
	Outline a double-slit experiment for light and draw the distribution

	Indicator G.3.4
	Solve problems involving two-source interference

Benchmark G.4

Diffraction Grating

	Indicator G.4.1
	Describe the effect of increasing the number of slits on distribution

	Indicator G.4.2
	Derive the diffraction grating formula for normal incidence

	Indicator G.4.3
	Outline the use of a diffraction grating to measure wavelengths

	Indicator G.4.4
	Solve problems involving a diffraction grating

Benchmark G.5

X-rays (HL)

	Indicator G.5.1
	Outline the experimental arrangement for the production of X-rays

	Indicator G.5.2
	Draw and annotate a typical X-ray spectrum

	Indicator G.5.3
	Explain the origins of the features of a characteristic X-ray spectrum

	Indicator G.5.4
	Solve problems: accelerating potential difference & minimum wavelength

	Indicator G.5.5
	Explain how X-ray diffraction arises

	Indicator G.5.6
	Derive the Bragg scattering equation

	Indicator G.5.7
	Outline how cubic crystals may be used to measure wavelength of X-rays

	Indicator G.5.8
	Outline how X-rays may be used to determine the structure of crystals

	Indicator G.5.9
	Solve problems involving the Bragg equation

Benchmark G.6

Thin-Film Interference (HL)

	Indicator G.6.1
	Explain the production of interference fringes by a thin air wedge

	Indicator G.6.2
	Explain how wedge fringes can be used to measure small separations

	Indicator G.6.3
	Describe how thin-film interference is used to test optical flats

	Indicator G.6.4
	Solve problems involving wedge films

	Indicator G.6.5
	State the condition for light to undergo a phase change of pi or none

	Indicator G.6.6
	Describe how a source of light gives rise to an interference pattern

	Indicator G.6.7
	State the conditions for constructive and destructive interference

	Indicator G.6.8
	Explain the formation of colored fringes when white light is reflected

	Indicator G.6.9
	Describe the difference between fringes formed by a parallel vs. wedge

	Indicator G.6.10
	Describe applications of parallel thin films

	Indicator G.6.11
	Solve problems involving parallel films

SCI.IBPH

Standard H

RELATIVITY - HL only

Benchmark H.1

Introduction to Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.1.1
	Describe what is meant by a frame of reference

	Indicator H.1.2
	Describe what is meant by a Galilean transformation

	Indicator H.1.3
	Solve problems involving relative velocities

Benchmark H.2

Concepts and Postulates of Special Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.2.1
	Describe what is meant by an inertial frame of reference

	Indicator H.2.2
	State the two postulates of the special theory of relativity

	Indicator H.2.3
	Discuss the concept of simultaneity

Benchmark H.3

Relativistic Kinematics (HL)

	Indicator H.3.1
	Describe the concept of a light clock

	Indicator H.3.2
	Define proper time interval

	Indicator H.3.3
	Derive the time dilation formula

	Indicator H.3.4
	Sketch and annotate a graph showing variation with relative velocity

	Indicator H.3.5
	Solve problems involving time dilation

	Indicator H.3.6
	Define proper length

	Indicator H.3.7
	Describe the phenomenon of length contraction

	Indicator H.3.8
	Solve problems involving length contraction

Benchmark H.4

Some Consequences of Special Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.4.1
	Describe how the concept of time dilation leads to the “twin paradox”

	Indicator H.4.2
	Discuss the Hafele-Keating experiment

	Indicator H.4.3
	Solve one-dimensional problems: relativistic addition of velocities

	Indicator H.4.4
	State the formula representing the equivalence of mass and energy

	Indicator H.4.5
	Define rest mass

	Indicator H.4.6
	Distinguish between the energy of a body at rest and at motion

	Indicator H.4.7
	Explain why no object can ever attain the speed of light in a vacuum

	Indicator H.4.8
	Determine the total energy of an accelerated particle

Benchmark H.5

Evidence to Support Special Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.5.1
	Discuss muon decay as evidence to support special relativity

	Indicator H.5.2
	Solve problems involving the muon decay experiment

	Indicator H.5.3
	Outline the Michelson-Morley experiment

	Indicator H.5.4
	Discuss the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment

	Indicator H.5.5
	Outline an experiment relating speed of light in a vacuum & its source

Benchmark H.6

Relativistic Momentum and Energy (HL)

	Indicator H.6.1
	Apply the relation for the relativistic momentum of particles

	Indicator H.6.2
	Apply the formula for the kinetic energy of a particle

	Indicator H.6.3
	Solve problems involving relativistic momentum and energy

Benchmark H.7

General Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.7.1
	Explain the difference between gravitational and inertial mass

	Indicator H.7.2
	Describe and discuss Einstein's principle of equivalence

	Indicator H.7.3
	Deduce a prediction about light rays in a gravitational field

	Indicator H.7.4
	Deduce a prediction about the speed of time near a massive body

	Indicator H.7.5
	Describe the concept of spacetime

	Indicator H.7.6
	State that moving objects follow the shortest path in spacetime

	Indicator H.7.7
	Explain gravitational attraction in terms of warping of spacetime

	Indicator H.7.8
	Describe black holes

	Indicator H.7.9
	Define the term Schwarzschild radius

	Indicator H.7.10
	Calculate the Schwarzschild radius

	Indicator H.7.11
	Solve problems involving time dilation close to a black hole

	Indicator H.7.12
	Describe the concept of gravitational red-shift

	Indicator H.7.13
	Solve problems involving frequency shifts

	Indicator H.7.14
	Solve problems using the gravitational time dilation formula

Benchmark H.8

Evidence to Support General Relativity (HL)

	Indicator H.8.1
	Outline an experiment for the bending of EM waves by a massive object

	Indicator H.8.2
	Describe gravitational lensing

	Indicator H.8.3
	Outline experiment that provides evidence for gravitational red-shift

SCI.IBPH

Standard I

MEDICAL PHYSICS - HL only

Benchmark I.1

The Ear and Hearing (HL)

	Indicator I.1.1
	Describe the basic structure of the human ear

	Indicator I.1.2
	Explain how sound pressure variations are changed in cochlear fluid

	Indicator I.1.3
	State the range of audible frequencies experienced in normal hearing

	Indicator I.1.4
	Explain how a change in observed loudness is a response to intensity

	Indicator I.1.5
	Explain that there is a logarithmic response of the ear to intensity

	Indicator I.1.6
	Define intensity and also intensity level (IL)

	Indicator I.1.7
	State the intensity level at which discomfort is experienced

	Indicator I.1.8
	Solve problems involving intensity levels

	Indicator I.1.9
	Describe the effects on hearing of short & long-term exposure to noise

	Indicator I.1.10
	Analyze graphs of IL vs. logarithm of frequency for hearing levels

Benchmark I.2

Medical Imaging (HL)

	Indicator I.2.1
	Define the terms attenuation coefficient and half-value thickness

	Indicator I.2.2
	Derive the relation of attenuation coefficient & half-value thickness

	Indicator I.2.3
	Solve problems using the equation for X-ray attenuation

	Indicator I.2.4
	Describe X-ray detection, recording and display techniques

	Indicator I.2.5
	Explain standard X-ray imaging techniques used in medicine

	Indicator I.2.6
	Outline the principles of computed tomography (CT)

	Indicator I.2.7
	Describe the generation and detection of ultrasound using crystals

	Indicator I.2.8
	Define acoustic impedance

	Indicator I.2.9
	Solve problems involving acoustic impedance

	Indicator I.2.10
	Outline the differences between A-scans and B-scans

	Indicator I.2.11
	Identify factors that affect the choice of diagnostic frequency

	Indicator I.2.12
	Outline the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

	Indicator I.2.13
	Describe examples of the use of lasers in clinical diagnosis & therapy

Benchmark I.3

Radiation in Medicine (HL)

	Indicator I.3.1
	State the meanings of terms used in radiation dosimetry

	Indicator I.3.2
	Discuss the precautions taken in situations involving radiation

	Indicator I.3.3
	Discuss the concept of balanced risk

	Indicator I.3.4
	Distinguish between physical, biological and effective half-lives

	Indicator I.3.5
	Solve problems involving radiation dosimetry

	Indicator I.3.6
	Outline the basis of radiation therapy for cancer

	Indicator I.3.7
	Solve problems involving the choice of the most suitable radio-isotope

	Indicator I.3.8
	Solve problems involving particular diagnostic applications

SCI.IBPH

Standard J

PARTICLE PHYSICS - HL only

Benchmark J.1

Particles and Interactions (HL)

	Indicator J.1.1
	State what is meant by an elementary particle

	Indicator J.1.2
	Identify elementary particles

	Indicator J.1.3
	Describe particles in terms of mass and various quantum numbers

	Indicator J.1.4
	Classify particles according to spin

	Indicator J.1.5
	State what is meant by an antiparticle

	Indicator J.1.6
	State the Pauli exclusion principle

	Indicator J.1.7
	List the fundamental interactions

	Indicator J.1.8
	Describe the fundamental interactions in terms of exchange particles

	Indicator J.1.9
	Discuss the uncertainty principle in the context of particle creation

	Indicator J.1.10
	Describe what is meant by a Feynman diagram

	Indicator J.1.11
	Discuss how a Feynman diagram may be used to calculate probabilities

	Indicator J.1.12
	Describe what is meant by virtual particles

	Indicator J.1.13
	Apply the formula the range for particle exchange

	Indicator J.1.14
	Describe pair annihilation and pair production using Feynman diagrams

	Indicator J.1.15
	Predict particle processes using Feynman diagrams

Benchmark J.2

Particle Accelerators and Detectors (HL)

	Indicator J.2.1
	Explain the need for high energies to produce particles of large mass

	Indicator J.2.2
	Explain the need for high energies to resolve particles of small size

	Indicator J.2.3
	Outline structure & operation of a linear accelerator and a cyclotron

	Indicator J.2.4
	Outline the structure and explain the operation of a synchrotron

	Indicator J.2.5
	State what is meant by bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation

	Indicator J.2.6
	Compare pros & cons of linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons

	Indicator J.2.7
	Solve problems related to the production of particles in accelerators

	Indicator J.2.8
	Outline operation of bubble chamber, photomultiplier, wire chamber

	Indicator J.2.9
	Outline international aspects of high-energy particle physics research

	Indicator J.2.10
	Discuss the implications of high-energy particle physics research

Benchmark J.3

Quarks (HL)

	Indicator J.3.1
	List the six types of quark

	Indicator J.3.2
	State the content of hadrons

	Indicator J.3.3
	State the quark content of the proton and the neutron

	Indicator J.3.4
	Define baryon number and apply law of conservation of baryon number

	Indicator J.3.5
	Deduce the spin structure of hadrons

	Indicator J.3.6
	Explain the need for colour in forming bound states of quarks

	Indicator J.3.7
	State the colour of quarks and gluons

	Indicator J.3.8
	Outline the concept of strangeness

	Indicator J.3.9
	Discuss quark confinement

	Indicator J.3.10
	Discuss the interaction that binds nucleons

Benchmark J.4

Leptons and the Standard Model (HL)

	Indicator J.4.1
	State the 3-family structure of quarks & leptons in the standard model

	Indicator J.4.2
	State the lepton number of the leptons in each family

	Indicator J.4.3
	Solve problems involving conservation laws in particle reactions

	Indicator J.4.4
	Evaluate the significance of the Higgs particle (boson)

Benchmark J.5

Experimental Evidence for the Quark and Standard Models (HL)

	Indicator J.5.1
	State what is meant by deep inelastic scattering

	Indicator J.5.2
	Analyse the results of deep inelastic scattering experiments

	Indicator J.5.3
	Describe what is meant by asymptotic freedom

	Indicator J.5.4
	Describe what is meant by neutral current

	Indicator J.5.5
	Describe how the neutral current is evidence for the standard model

Benchmark J.6

Cosmology and Strings (HL)

	Indicator J.6.1
	State the temperature change of the universe since the Big Bang

	Indicator J.6.2
	Solve problems involving particle interactions in the early universe

	Indicator J.6.3
	State relationship of particles & antiparticles in the early universe

	Indicator J.6.4
	Suggest a mechanism for the predominance of matter over antimatter

	Indicator J.6.5
	Describe qualitatively the theory of strings

Essential - Standard, benchmark, or indicator from the VDOE Standards of Learning document. In the absence of VDOE standards for a given course, content subject to testing such as AP and IB can be labeled Essential.
Expected - Standard, benchmark, or indicator added by the FCPS Program of Studies to provide a context, a bridge, or an enhancement to the Essential SBIs.
Extended - Standard, benchmark, or indicator added by the FCPS Program of Studies generally used to differentiate instruction for advanced learners (Honors/GT)