World History and Geography One Review, Activity Sheet
and Parent Signature
Early human
societies met their needs through hunting and gathering.
As nomads, clans
of early man migrated with herds of animals according to seasons.
Human ancestors
walked upright in eastern Africa about 3-4 million years ago.
Homo sapiens
emerged in Africa between 100,000 - 400, 00 years ago.
Prehistory - the
story humankind really begins in the time before people developed writing.
Homo sapiens
migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.
Early humans
adapted to their environment by devising new clothing and shaping simple tools
for hunting and gathering.
Hominids - early
humans
Australopithecus-southern
ape (4.4 million years ago) 3.5 to 5.0 feet tall and walked on two legs.
Homo
habilis-person with ability (lived about 1.5 million years ago)
Homo erectus -
person who walks upright
Homo sapien -
person who thinks (100,000 and 200,00 years ago)
Early homo
sapiens - Neanderthals from the Neander Valley in Germany (200,000 years ago)
Neanderthals were nomadic hunter-gathers who used fire for warmth and for
cooking their food, but their tool making ability was more sophisticated than
that of homo erectus. Neanderthals skillfully crafted stone knives, spear
points and bone tools.
Cro-Magnons - the
earliest Homo sapiens were found in Europe after the rock shelter in France.
The Cro-Magnons used bone, antler, and ivory to make new kinds of tools-
hammers, hoes, and pincers. Soon they were fishing with bone fishhooks and
using bone needles to sew fitted leather clothes.
Cro-Magnons
invented the stone ax. The stone ax was used to chop down trees and shape them
into canoes.
Scientists that
traced the early origin of early humans are as follows: Physical
anthropologist, Paleontologist, and Archaeologists.
Artifacts
included any objects that were shaped by human hands-tools, pots, and beads-as
well as other remains of human life, such as bits of charcoal.
Technology for
dating the age of early humans and artifacts is called radio carbon dating and
collection of DNA.
Nomadic peoples followed herds of animals and/or
migrated in search of water, food, and shelter.
Hunter-gatherers
lived in clans searching for seeds, nuts, and meat.
Early humans
developed oral language.
Early humans
invented tools and mastered the use of fire to control aspects of their
environment.
Three stone eras
- Paleolithic - oldest stone era, Mesolithic - middle stone era, and Neolithic-
newest stone era
Old Stone Age -
Oral language, invention of clothing, cave art discovered, invention of fire
and invention of simple weapons
New Stone Age-
Invention and discovery of the following: Domesticated animals, weaving of
fabric and cloth, settled farming/seed culture, advanced tools, and pottery.
Location of ancient
river valley civilizations between 5000- 1500 BC or bce
Egypt was located
in Africa on a narrow strip of land along the Nile River.
Mesopotamia was
located between the Tigris and Euphrates River - Sumer, Ur, Babylon, Urba, etc.
(modern day Iraq)
India (Harappa or
Mohenjo-daro) was located in South Asia along the Indus and Ganges Rivers
between modern day Pakistan and borders India.
China was located
on the Hwang Ho River in Northern China (The Shang Dynasty)
Physical features
that provided natural defense against migratory peoples surrounded each
civilization
Soils were rich
for farming
Water was
available for irrigation
Fertile Crescent
(Mesopotamia), located along the Mediterranean Coast connecting Mesopotamia and
Nile regions was settled between 2000-1000 B.C. or bce.
1. Hebrews settled in Palestine
2. Phoenicians settled the coast. (near modern day
Israel)
Persians
dominated the Plateau of Iran around 500 B.C. or bce
Ancient river valley
civilizations and trade empires were characterized by settled agriculture,
city-states, trade in products and ideas, central governments with written
laws, written languages, specialized labor, social hierarchies, and religious
institutions.
1. Agriculture - settled farming resulted from
domesticating animals and plants, irrigation, and seed cultivation.
2. Economy - surplus food promoted trade along rivers and on seas (Phoenicians), storage of
food, accounting systems, and city development. Government controlled economic
life.
3. Government - centralized government is often related
to religion. Written codes and laws provided justice (the Ten Commandments -
the Hebrews or Jews people or the religion of Judaism) (The Law Codes of
Hammurabi from Babylon of Mesopotamia)
4. Religion - Ancient peoples practiced polytheism except
(excluding) for the Hebrews (Jews or Judaism) who practiced monotheism.
Monotheism is the worship of one God.
5. Language - Written language (cuneiform - Sumer or
Mesopotamia, hieroglyphics -Egypt or hieratic the common language of Egypt and
Pictograms - Indus Valley) developed from pictures. latter, the Phoenicians
developed the alphabet with 22 letters.
6. Technology - Ancient river valley civilizations'
artisans worked copper metals, developed chariots for warfare, and used plows.
7. Mathematics - Ancient civilizations developed
mathematics for building. Egypt develops the concept of ___________ to build
the pyramids.
Ancient Greece
from 2000 to 300 B.C. or bce.
8. Mountainous terrain and its location between the
Aegean and Mediterranean Seas define the physical geography of Greece.
9. The location of Greece facilitated trade and cultural
exchange throughout the Mediterranean basin.
10. Ancient Greece was located on a peninsula between the
Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, within easy sailing distance of the Fertile
Crescent (Mesopotamia) and Egypt. This location promoted contacts for trade and
ideas.
11. Mountainous terrain resulted in isolated development
of city states rather than a central government, poor farmland that pushed
people to colonize land outside Greece, and dependence on trade.
12. Good harbors supported merchants and traders whose
contacts brought cultural changes and technology.
13. Mild climate promoted public life outdoors, where
people knew each other and discussed issues and news, resulting in an increase
in civic life.
14. Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion
(belief in more than one god or deity) that was integral to the culture,
politics, and art in ancient Greece.
15. Many of modern Western civilization’s idealized
images, literary and political symbols, and political vocabulary come from
ancient Greek mythology.
16. Mythology: A rich collection of stories/ myths about
Greek gods/goddesses explaining the mysteries of nature and human life
17. Greek gods: Representations of essential human
qualities which have continued as symbols and images in modern Western
literature and art
18. Religion: Polytheism- many gods including Zeus, Hera,
Athena, Dionysus, Hestia, Poseidon, Aphrodite: gods considered a part of public
life.
19. With limited agricultural land, the Greeks migrated to
new locations outside Greece, colonizing the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
20. Greek colonies
were established to ease overcrowding in mainland Greece.
21. Wine and olive products were exchanged for grain to
support home cities.
22. Commercial
expansion brought farmers from villages to the cities as skilled craftsmen.
Trade between
Greek city-states and Greek colonies produced a commercial revolution in the
area. Contact with the Fertile Crescent expanded culture and trade.
Greek merchants
traded throughout the Mediterranean area replacing barter with a money economy.
Trade advanced Greek culture and influence in
the Mediterranean region.
23. Participation by male citizens in the affairs of
Athens was an accepted part of daily life. These rights and responsibilities
evolved into an organized system of government that is the foundation of modern
democracies.
The Polis
(city-state), center of Greek identity, commanded intense loyalty-a citizen was
first member of the polis. There were three groups of inhabitants:
24. Citizens-adult males who typically operated businesses
in the agora (open marketplace)
25. Free people with no political rights-women who cared
for the household
26. Noncitizens -slaves who had no rights
Citizenship was
based on the belief that human beings are rational individuals
Democratic
government developed in stages as Greeks struggled to meet the challenges of
the time.
27. Civic decisions were made in open debate. Men were
expected to participate in public life.
28. Athens was the primary city-state in Greece after 750
B.C. or bce., and its government passed through four distinct stages:
Monarchy: rule by
one person inheriting power by family succession
Aristocracy: rule
by a small group of nobles
Tyranny: rule by
one person, the tyrant, who seized power
Democracy: rule
by an assembly in which citizens could vote
The struggle for power was
often influenced by the plight of farmers.
Two aristocrats worked for
reforms that led to democracy:
1. Draco created written laws with severe punishments.
2. Solon improved the legal system and expanded
participation in the Assembly.
By successfully repelling the
mighty invasions of Persia, the Greeks preserved their political independence
and individual freedom.
1. Persian wars
united the Greeks against an external enemy. Victories at Marathon and Salamis
left Greeks in control of the Aegean area.
With the threat of external
invasion removed, the Greeks, particularly the Athenians, developed a Golden
Age of Greece in which Greek art,
philosophy, and culture flourished.
Competition between Sparta
and Athens for control of Greece culminated in the catastrophic Peloponnesian
War.
Causes of the
Peloponnesian War
1. Athenian
dominance of Greek city-states in the Delian League
2. Sparta’s competition with Athena for control
Effects of the
Peloponnesian War
1. Hellenistic Period ended
2. Greece left vulnerable to invasion
3. Cultural development arrested
Pericles so dominated life in
Athens that his years of leadership were called the Golden Age. Hellenic
culture reached its height during the Age of Pericles.
1. Pericles developed
a democracy where all adult male citizens had an equal voice in government.
2. Pericles rebuilt Athens after its destruction in the
Persian Wars-- the Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction/
3. Athens, under
Pericles, created the Delian League, and alliance of Greek city-states, as a
defense against external enemies.
4. During the Golden Age of Greece or Periclean Era; art,
drama, philosophy, science, mathematics, and architecture flourished in Athens.
Contributions
of the Ancient Greeks
Philosophy:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Drama:
Aeschylus and Euripides
Poetry: Homer
(bard)
History:
Herodotus
Sculpture:
Phidias
Architecture:
Parthenon and columns (Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian)
Science:
Archimedes and Hippocrates
Mathematics:
Euclid and Pythagoras
The Macedonia conquest of
Greece followed the weakening of Greek defense during the Peloponnesian War.
Alexander the Great adopted
Greek culture, spreading Hellenistic thought throughout his vast empire.
1. Phillip II
conquered most of Greece, and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered the
Persian Empire, extending his influence from Macedonia/Greece to the Indus
River Valley.
Alexander carried Greek
culture to conquered territories.
Conquered people combined Greek culture with
their own
Greek was spoken
by leaders throughout Mesopotamia and Egypt (Cultural Exchange)
The Hellenistic
Age lasted until the rise of the Roman Empire
The geography of Rome was
defined by its location on the Italian Peninsula that extends into the
Mediterranean Sea.
Location on the
Italian peninsula created a natural crossroads for trade, cultural exchange,
and conquest in the Mediterranean basin. (Rome, Italy is centrally located in
the Mediterranean Region.)
The Alps provided
Italy protection from invading forces, as did the seas surrounding the Italian
peninsula.
Roman mythology was based
upon a polytheistic religion that was integral to Ancient Rome’s culture,
politics, and art.
1. Roman mythology was based on a polytheistic religion
that was integral to Ancient Rome’s culture, politics, and art.
Many idealized images,
literary and political symbols, and political vocabulary in modern Western
culture are derived from Ancient Roman mythology.
Roman gods and goddess were
based on Greek Mythology.
Roman gods and goddesses
Jupiter
Juno
Neptune
Apollo
Mars
Venus
The Roman Republic contained
three classes:
Patricians - nobility (few in
number)
Plebeians - majority of population consisting of
landowners, townspeople, merchants, and
small farmers
slaves -
people forced into servant classes by conquest
Roman citizens held rights
and responsibilities not available to slaves and non-Romans living in the
Republic.
Citizenship was held by all
patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens as a privilege. All
citizens could vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in the
military.
Two consuls were
elected by the Assembly to serve Rome for one year. They could veto decisions
made by the Assembly.
Representation: Patricians
served in the Senate and Assembly. Plebeians served as tribunes, later
gaining right to make the laws of Rome. The laws of Rome were codified as
the Twelve Tables.
Three Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage (modern day
Tunisia, North Africa) with Hannibal invading Rome at one point. The wars led
to development of a powerful Roman navy and the destruction of Carthage.
With the defeat of Carthage,
Rome was unchallenged in the Western Mediterranean Sea leading to the conquest
of Western Europe.
Conquest of lands around the
Eastern Mediterranean spread Greco-Roman culture, expanded trade, changed the
character of the Roman army, and created great wealth.
Julius Caesar led Rome in the
conquest of Gaul (modern day France) and the British Isles (modern day Great
Britain). Civil war between Caesar and the Senate made Julius Caesar
dictator for life.
Causes for the decline of
the Roman Republic
Spread of
slavery in the agricultural system
Migration of
small farmers into cities and unemployment
Civil war over
the power of Julius Caesar
Devaluation of
Roman currency inflation
Augustus Caesar became the
first emperor of Rome after he defeated Mark Anthony.
Reasons for the rise of
Imperial Rome
Civil war, giving rise to Augustus Caesar
Failure to
provide for the succession of emperors
Both Caesars enlarged the
Roman Empire and used the army as a basis for power.
Economic life in Rome
remained prosperous even though the emphasis of trade shifted to the
Mediterranean basin. Inflation resulting from military conquests and defense
continued to plague the economy.
Social life was disturbed by
civil wars.
Economic Impact of the
Roman Empire
Established
uniform system of money, enhancing trade
Guaranteed safe
travels and trade on Roman roads
Promoted
prosperity and stability
Social impact
Returned
stability to social classes
Increased
emphasis on the family
Political Impact
Created
a civil service
Developed a
uniform rule of law
The uniform applications of
law provided a foundation for law in nations that developed in Western Europe.
Christian beliefs
One God
Jesus as Son of
God
Life after death
Church
recognition of all that believe
All people equal
before God
Christianity established by
Monotheism was in
conflict with polytheism
Persistence of
early Christian
le to persecution
(Nero)
Constantine
converted to Christianity and ended persecution
Christianity
become the official religion of the Roman Empire
Judaism
One God
God’s covenant
with the Hebrews as the Chosen People
Ten Commandments
regarded as the moral and religious laws of conduct
Important people of
Judaism
Abraham
Moses
Contributions of Judaism
to modern Western civilization
Monotheism
Ten
Commandments
Old Testament
All people
equal before the law
Organization of the Roman
Catholic Church
Bishop of Rome (Pope) was leader of the church
Bishops directed
the church in religious districts
Priests served
the church in the parish
As civil authority declined
in the Roman Empire, the church sustained public life through its moral
authority. Gradually, people gave their first loyalty to the church rather than
to Rome.
Rome adopted and extended
Greek achievements in religion, philosophy, architecture, arts, and science.
Contributions of Rome
Art/Architecture:
Pantheon, Coliseum, and Forum
Technology:
roads, aqueducts
Science: Ptolemy
Language: Latin,
Romance languages
Literature:
Virgil’s Aeneid
Religion: Roman
mythology
Law: Twelve
Tables, “innocent until proven guilty”
Roman architecture has been
reproduced in Western building. Roman mythology has provided imagery in Western
art and literature.
Causes for the decline of the
Roman Empire
Economy: the cost
of defense and devaluation of Roman coin
Military: changes
in army membership and discipline
Moral decay:
people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
Political
problems: imperial succession and civil conflict
Invasion:
barbarian attacks
Divided empire
Diocletian divided the Empire
into the eastern and western regions.
Constantine sought to reform
the Empire, building a great capital at Byzantium and renaming it Constantinople.
Rome ceased to have a Roman
emperor in 476 A.D.
Leadership in the Roman Empire under Diocletian and
Constantine contributed to the strength of Constantinople while it weakened
Rome.
Advantages of the imperial
capital at Constantinople over Rome
Proximity to
trade with the Near and Far East (Silk Road)
Stronger military
in the East
Constantinople
easier to defend from external enemies
Constantinople
heavily fortified
Eastern empire
more prosperous (Byzantine empire)
Important
Byzantine leaders:
1. Justinian: directed the codification of Roman law that
serves most European countries today (the code of Justinian); tried to expand
the Empire through warfare
2. The Code of Justinian
provided justice for diverse peoples governed by the Empire
3. Justinian’s Code became the basis for European law
codes
4. Stoicism and Epicureanism were adopted from Greek and
Roman philosophies
5. Greek language divided Byzantium from the
Latin-speaking peoples of the West.
6. Constantinople became the center of Christian
orthodoxy in competition with the church of Rome.
7. The growth of differences
8. Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept the
primacy of the Pope in Rome.
9. Icons were
opposed in Byzantium while supported in Rome.
10. Celibacy of priests was required in Rome but not in
Byzantium
11. Roman Catholic services were conducted in Latin; Greek
was used in Constantinople.
12. Icons represented the holiness of the subject
13. Mosaics, adopted from the Muslim world, were used to
decorate public and religious structures.
14. Domed structures were built on rectangular walls;
Hagia (Saint) Sophia in Istanbul is an example. The Hagia Sophia; a Christian
church, is now an Islamic mosque.
Saint Cyril
converted the Slavic people to Christianity
Saint Cyril
adapted the Greek alphabet (Cyrillic alphabet) to create a written Slavic
language that is still in use in Russia, Bulgaria, and parts of eastern Europe.
Conversion of the
Slavs and Russians brought these people into contact with Byzantine culture,
visible in Russian architecture.
Location
Nomadic life of
Bedouin peoples in Saudi Arabia (Arabian Peninsula)
Religious belief
- Islam
Monotheistic
faith - belief in one god
Acceptance of
earlier prophets and revelations
1. Abraham
2. Moses
3. Jesus
Qu’ran (Koran) as
God’s word to Mohammed
Muhammad, the
last prophet
All people equal
before God
Religious practices (The
five Pillars of Faith)
Creed- there is
one God
Alms- giving
money to the poor (2.5%)
Daily prayer 5
times a day facing Mecca or Mekkah
Pilgrimage to
Mecca
Among Muslim (Islam) religious practices was religious
tolerance for Christians (Christianity) and Jews (Judaism).
Great capitals were built in
Mesopotamia, in Damascus, and in Baghdad. The Muslim Empire preserved and
extended ancient Greek learning making contributions in mathematics, science,
banking, and literature
Sects or divisions within
Islam:
Shiite less than 10%
Sunni about 89%
Mystic sect - Sufis
Jewish (Judaism)
beliefs Christian (Christianity)
beliefs Islamic
beliefs
one God one God one
God
Jesus is a person Jesus is the son of God Jesus
is a prophet
Sacred text Sacred text Sacred
Torah, Talmud Old and New Testaments Qu'ran (Koran)
and Hebrew Bible
Salvation through just Salvation by following teachings Salvation by following
and moral life of Jesus Five
Pillars and living
a
just life
Moral code of behavior Moral code of behavior Moral code of
behavior
Islamic (Moslem)s