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Social Studies Program of Studies:
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Suggested time for instruction: seven to eight weeks
Standard WHII.6: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
Standard WHII.7: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19th century.
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During this era, the Western world experienced an explosion of scientific, economic, and political change. These changes ultimately had an impact on the entire world. The first major change was a transformation in culture from one based on religion to one infused with a scientific and secular spirit. New understandings of the place of the earth in the universe led to questioning of traditional cosmologies. The English Civil War and the Enlightenment contributed to political revolutions in the Americas and France. As these revolutions shaped the political world, the “new” scientific method led the way to changes in science and technology. These changes spread from Europe to colonial empires and ultimately throughout the world.
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- How did the Scientific Revolution change knowledge and the way humans do things?
- What social and cultural patterns gave rise to new political forms altering the relationships between ruler and the ruled?
- How did the English Civil War contribute to the development of democratic ideas?
- How the Enlightenment and the American Revolution led to revolutions in France, Haiti and Latin America?
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- Development and diffusion of technology: With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the Scientific Revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.
- Belief systems: During the Enlightenment, many western intellectuals adopted a new belief in reason and progress. They believed that all problems could be understood and solved scientifically. This optimistic outlook began to influence many traditional western cultures.
- Political legitimacy and authority: Enlightenment thinkers challenged traditional understandings of political authority. This challenge led to revolutions in the Americas and Europe. The results of these revolutions were evolving democratic institutions, the rise of liberalism, and conservative reactions.
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Standard WHII.6: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
Standard WHII.7: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19th century.
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NOTE: Red Bolded content in the indicators is considered essential and must be taught in all classrooms. Content which is not bolded goes beyond the scope and sequence of the state standards.
Benchmark 7.0: The student will improve skills in historical research and geographical in the Age of Revolution.
7.0 Performance Indicators
Students reach the benchmark when they are able to:
- Identifying, analyzing, and interpreting primary and secondary sources to make generalizations about events and life in the Age of Revolution.
- Using maps, globes, artifacts, and pictures to analyze the physical and cultural landscapes of the world to interpret the past in the Age of Revolution.
- Identifying geographic features important to the study of world history in the Age of Revolution.
- Identifying and comparing political boundaries with eh location of civilizations, empires, and kingdoms in the Age of Revolution.
- Analyzing trends in human migration and cultural interaction in the Age of Revolution.
Benchmark 7.1: The student understands how the Scientific Revolution changed the way humans viewed the world. (WHII.6)
7.1 Performance Indicators
Students reach this benchmark when they are able to:
- Explain the historical connections between the Scientific Revolution and its antecedents such as Greek rationalism, medieval theology, Muslim science, Renaissance humanism, and new global knowledge.
- Explain the cultural, religious, and scientific impact of astronomical discoveries and innovations of Copernicus - heliocentric theory, Galileo - used telescope to support heliocentric theory, Kepler - developed planetary motion, Newton - discovered laws of gravity, and Brahe.
- Explain the development and significance of the “scientific method” with an emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature (Bacon and Descartes).
- Describe the scientific discoveries of Harvey - discovered circulation of blood and Franklin.
Benchmark 7.2: The student understands how social, economic, and cultural patterns gave rise to new political forms and altered the relationships between rulers and the ruled. (WHII.6)
7.2 Performance Indicators
Students reach this benchmark when they are able to:
- Analyze the connections between the Enlightenment and its antecedents such as the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution (applied reason to the human world not just the natural world).
- Explain the principle ideas of the Enlightenment, including rationalism, progress, religious tolerance, empiricism, natural rights, and contractual government as presented by Hobbes (Leviathan - the state must have central authority to manage behavior), Locke (Two Treatises on Government - people are sovereign; monarchs are not chosen by God), Voltaire - religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism [separation of church and state], and freedom of speech, Montesquieu (Spirit of the Laws - the best form of government includes separation of powers), and Rousseau (The Social Contract - government is a contract between rulers and the people).
- Explain the impact of Enlightenment ideas on the development of modern nationalism, democratic thought and institutions (political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France, Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas, and the Constitution of the United States and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas).
- Explain how academies, salons, and popular publishing contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideas (Madame de Pompadour).
- Describe how Enlightenment views were reflected in the arts and literature (new forms of art and literarute – paintings depicting classical subjects public events, natural scenes, and living people; new forms of literature, Bach [composer], Mozart [composer], Delacroix [painter], and Cervantes [novelist] wrote Don Quixote).
- Describe how improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies (all-weather roads improved year-round transport and trade, agricultural revolution, and improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transportation).
Benchmark 7.3: The student understands how the English Civil War contributed to the development of democratic ideas. (WHII.6)
7.3 Performance Indicators
Students reach this benchmark when they are able to:
- Assess the impact of the English Civil War and the “Glorious Revolution” in terms of the development of the rights of Englishmen (Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I, the restoration of Charles II, development of political parties/factions, Glorious Revolution [William and Mary, increase of parliamentary power over royal power], and the English Bill of Rights of 1689).
- Compare the ideas expressed in the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu to the events of the English Civil War.
Benchmark 7.4: The student understands how the Enlightenment and the American Revolution led to revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America. (WHII.6 and 7)
7.4 Performance Indicators
Students reach this benchmark when they are able to:
- Compare the causes, character, and consequences of the American and French Revolutions (influence of Enlightenment ideas).
- Explain how the French Revolution developed from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire (Storming of the Bastille, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of the Rights of Man, end of Louis XVI’s absolute monarchy, Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon).
- Describe the events and outcomes of the Napoleonic era (Battles of Waterloo and Trafalgar, Elba, St. Helena, Rosetta Stone, March on Moscow, and Continental System).
- Explain the impact of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna on the political and cultural landscape of Europe (Napoleonic Code, growth of nationalism, “Balance of power” doctrine, new political philosophies - liberalism and conservatism, unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe, restoration of monarchies, new political map of Europe, and Prince Metternich).
- Analyze the influence of the American and French revolutions on the independence movements in Latin America (independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies, Toussaint L’Ouverture [Haiti], Simon Bolivar [South America], Miguel Hidalgo, Iturbide, and San Martin).
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- Humankind's perception of its position in the universe was dramatically altered.
- The ideals of the Englightenment gave rise to the American Revolutino and to subsequent revolutions in France and Latin America, and led to the evoluation of Western liberialism.
- The application of the "scientific process" led to advances in science and medicine.
- Political fragmentation and independence occurred in Latin America as a response to European political influence
- As a result of the political revolutions in Western Europe, a new concept of balance of power emerged.
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